Wilderness Tourism Marketing

Promoting Wilderness Tourism Literature Review Introduction Behavioural research on the study on wilderness destination is a relatively new development in the ecotourism industry. Promoting place marketing has become increasingly important within the tourist industry (Kang-Li 2008). There has been limited work done on promoting wilderness as a place of tourism. This research project aims to identify whether experiential marketing would have a greater impact than traditional marketing and branding approaches in promoting wilderness in tourism. The literature review will explore the concepts of Tourism, Wilderness, Place Marketing and Experiential Marketing, looking at past and present literature from various scholars and academics who have conducted extensive research on these subject areas. Arguments identifying gaps that exist within the literature will be presented, exploring the extent to which experiential marketing would be different and/or more effective than traditional marketing approaches. The Evolution of Tourism and it’s relationship to Wilderness In the early 19th century, the term â€Å"tourism† was used to describe the movement of people for pleasure (Smith, 1989). It is also written that a more convincing origin to present day tourism is centred on the medieval pilgrimages. There is a distinct difference between pilgrimage and tourism. One is a religious activity and the other is a secular (Theilmann 1987). However, as years have passed, there have been further attempts to define the term â€Å"tourism†. The United Nations Statistical Commission has accepted the following definition recommended by the World Tourism Organisation (WTO), stating that tourism comprises: activities where people may travel to different places and stay away from their normal surroundings for not more than a year for leisure, business or any other purpose. (World Tourism Organisation, 1993). In a similar context in the UK the definition most often used was proposed by the Tourism Society in the early 1980’s: Tourism is de fined as destinations where people would travel for temporary or short-term stay away from their natural environment to live, work or engage in activities as day visits or excursions (Tourism Society, 1982) Similarly, Jafari, 1977 argues that tourism is about the study of man away from his natural habitat, where the industry responds to his needs, and there an impact is created by him and the industry on the host social-cultural, economic and physical environment. In a simplistic form the term tourism could be understood as movement of people for pleasure or work. From the evidence presented above would it can be concluded from the above definitions that tourism would seem to be: People who are away from their normal place of residence and will return back to their homes at some point in the future. Visits that are only temporary or short term, but are not longer than 12 months in duration. Inclusive of a day visit (excursion). Inclusive of absence from home on business rather than pleasure. The 1990’s increasingly saw the development of tourism in new areas. While the more traditional sightseeing tourism remains at the core of tourism around the world, there has been a significant diversification occurring, particularly within adventure tourism (Cloke and Perkins, 1998), nature-based tourism (Pearce and Wilson, 1995; Higham 1998) and events (Nicholson and Pearce, 2000). Literature shows that one particularly distinctive area of growth has been in natural area tourism (Burton 1998). This form of tourism is nature-based and primarily motivated by an interest in the environment (Burton 1998). Burton further argues that people seek refuge in nature-based tourism to escape from their day to day pressured life style. But, he writes that with the level of growth in nature-based tourism literature, has given way for individuals to misuse and overuse the terms ecotourism and natural based tourism. Creamer, 1995 adopts a framework to present a clear distinction bet ween nature based tourism and ecotourism as seen in figure 1. This framework has been interpreted by arguing that nature-based tourism consists of all forms of tourism which occur in a natural environment and that ecotourism is one form of this type of tourism. Although they are similar there is a distinct difference (Goodwin, 1996). The experience of ecotourism goes beyond just being in a natural environment. Griffith, 1993 argues that ecotourists have distinctive perceptions and beliefs relating to their experiences. This is a far cry from the Sunday picnic or the occasional bush walker. It has been argued that ecotourism has the ability to influence the direction of a tourist’s life. This distinction is seen when they return from an ecotourism experience gaining a new outlook.(Hunter 1994) In a similar vein Ziffer, 1989: 5–8; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996: 22 and Boo, 1990: 10, have also echoed the same principles underpinning ecotourism. Nature-based tourism has b een distinguished into three main categories (Valentine, 1992: 110). Activities dependent on nature (i.e. bird-watching); activities enhanced by nature (i.e.camping); and activities where the natural setting is incidental (i.e. swimming). Adding to this framework, Duffus and Dearden (1990) defined these activities in terms of human and wildlife interaction. Similarly Goodwin, 1996: 287–288, argues that nature tourism includes the marketing of the natural elements to the tourists while enjoying the nature around them. Other arguments present ecotourism as a concept that definitions of integrated tourism giving emphasis particularly to nature conservation (Goodwin, 1996; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996; Dowling, 1995a, b). Moreover the natural settings characterized in the definition of ecotourism were proclaimed to be similar to that of the concept of Wilderness Recreation in North America, (Boyd Butler, 1993: 11) or in other words, new name to an old activity (Wall, 1994: 4; Nel son, 1994: 248). Academic literature of wilderness exist within the discipline of tourism literature detailing about wilderness and the experiences that people have experienced during their visits. However, wilderness and the relating â€Å"sense of place† it evokes has not been investigated in-depth within the empirical research studies (Dawson, 2006). Managers of wilderness areas need to further understand and measure the relationships that tourists are developing or have already developed with the land area that they are managing. â€Å"Place† is defined as a physical location and a visitor’s subjective experience or relationship with the particular place. The concept of place has been subdivided into a variety of factors, such as place meanings, attachment, identity and dependence (Cheng et al. 2003). The term wilderness has been perceived differently by various scholars and academics. Some academics argue that wilderness is a conserved area where ther e is a limited presence of humans (Dawson, 2006). While others argue that it is place where people go to the wilderness for short or long hikes that last a day long, while another set of people who camp for several days using primitive means of travel and living (Chad, 2006). At one time, the earth was just a place of wild. The natural environment of wind, fire and rain was operating without the interference by any human influence. The earth was a global wilderness. Today, questions have risen on what is wilderness, how much of it needs to be preserved and should it be managed. Wilderness has achieved a reputation of being a highly valuable resource to many countries.(Stankey 1989) Wilderness has commonly been used in the context of the Bible (Nash 1974). Nash reports that the term wilderness appears in the bible nearly 300 times both in the Old and New Testaments. He continues to report that the term was used as a synonym for â€Å"desert† and â€Å"waste† with the same Hebrew or Greek root. Wilderness has been described as having had three physical characteristics. (1) virtually inhabited. (2) deserted and dry and (3) they were large areas. Human survival in the wilderness was difficult (Stankey 1989). Nash further reports that the wilderness was used to describe in the bible as a place where God’s blessings were absent; paradise and wilderness was a contract to each other. The story of the Garden of Eden stated in the Bible captures this theme explicitly. Nash writes, â€Å"The story of the Garden and it’s loss, imbedded into Western thought the idea that wilderness and paradise were both physical and spiritual opposites† The book of Genesis in the Bible reveals the early Christina idea of the relationship that transpired between man and nature. White (1967), argues that based on the qualities that were developed from the relationship between man and nature, Christianity was the most â€Å"anthropocentric† religion. Furthermore,White argues, â€Å"in great measure, God’s transcendence of nature. . . . Christianity, in absolute contrast to ancient paganism and Asia’s religions . . . not only established a dualism of man and nature, but also insisted that it is God’s will that man exploit nature for his proper ends.† This type of perspective created negative and exploitative thoughts about nature and wilderness among humans. However, it is argued that Christianity also fostered counter perspectives, which have led to our modem views from where wilderness would be have been originated (Stankey 1989). The experience of the Promised Land mentioned in the Biblical context has helped develop a tradition of going to the wilderness. Reasons for going to the wilderness have been determined to get freedom and a purification of spiritual-values. This may have possibly led to the present-day legislative definition for wilderness. Tuan (1974), writes â€Å"For the ascetics the desert was in effect at once the haunt of demons and the realm of bliss in harmony with the creaturely world.’ However, the Judeo-Christian defined wilderness as a cursed land, evil places and a place where water was not present (Dilworth 2006). Dilworth further argues in this context, the paradox of wilderness was evil, it was a necessary evil, also where you could be closer to God, a refuge and testing ground. On the other hand, the Puritan tradition wilderness was understood as a threat to survival, and the ability to survive in the wilderness would make you in favour of God. However, the Utilitarian view of nature was cultivation and civilization instead of using the term wilderness. This was necessary as it would be a land useful in a practical sense as well as to be in favour of God (Nash 2001). Nash further argues from a Romantic and Transcendentalist era. He writes, wilderness was looked in a more positive sense. The Romantic era brought man â€Å"an enthusiasm for the strange, remote, solitary and mysterious† (Nash, 2001, p. 47). On the other hand the Transcendentalist eras, gave emphasis to the spiritual quality of the wilderness experience. This experience brought humans closer to God and the importance of material things. From the above arguments it seems evident that the definition of wilderness is very much fluid in the sense that there does not seem to be one single definition which can clearly explain the term wilderness. Sigurd Olson, in the early 20th century further expanded on the definition of wilderness – is escaping from a mans everyday difficult life and gaining freedom from â€Å"tyranny of wires, bells, schedules, and pressing responsibilities† (Olson and Backes 2001). This definition was further refined by the Wilderness Act of 1964. They defined wilderness as an undeveloped Federal land maintaining its character of the early years and the influence, without any lasting improvements or human habitation while it being a place that has generally been affects by the forces of nature. It also has an â€Å"outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation†. On the other hand culturally, it has been defined as any natural areas, to the â€Å"Urban† wilderness (Dilworth 2006). Evidently, it seems that Wilderness means different things to different people. Dilworth 2006, recently conducted a study on the meaning of wilderness based on images of the wilderness. His sample was students. The study revealed that based on the images the students viewed they defined wilderness as primarily with natural landscapes lacking human sign, particularly mountains, lakes, and forests. The questions would then arise as to what do you mean by the terms; mountains, lakes and forests? The debate would seem to be endless !! Increasingly, popular adventure recreation activities such as rock climbing, mountain-eering and remote-area trekking most often take place in the wilderness. Most often commercial packing of this type of recreation in the wilderness is coloured with fundamental irony (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). Wilderness business range from skill-building schools to eco and ethno tourism adventures (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). For example in Thailand back-pack trotting adventures (Cohen, 1989). This type of adventurous excursions and activities are positive, enjoyable experiences for participants (Arnould and Price 1993). The commercial offering of Wilderness as a tourist attraction means converting wilderness into a commodity to be marketed as a tourist attraction. Wilderness tourism requires human intervention. This would mean ensuring the wilderness is evaluated, managed, regulated and controlled (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). Therefore, the comodification of wilderness would require the intervention of a communication medium which would attract visitors of the wilderness for tourism. Creating a memorable lasting experience would be the challenge for wilderness managers and marketers. Place and city marketing has been one of the most interesting research topics which have grown in the last 20 – 30 years (Metaxas 2005). Much of the marketing literature over the years have sited on the impact that marketing has had on the global Tourism industry (Palmer and Bejou 1995; Mark and Robert 2002; Theobald 2005; Alistair 2006). Within the marketing literature, â€Å"Place Marketing† has grown rapidly among cities globally and especially in Europe who use different promotional policies to support images of their cities to gain competitive advantage (Metaxas 2005). Promoting the wilderness experience within the place marketing literature has been limited although marketing of island tourism, alpine tourism and adventure tours have developed (Tuohino). As mentioned above, comodification of wilderness is a challenge for marketers. A greater challenge would be the comodification of wilderness as a â€Å"sense of place†. The next section of the literature will seek to explore the idea of place and place marketing and it’s relevance to wilderness tourism. Place Marketing as an opportunity for Wilderness Tourism The concept of place is often related to the adjective â€Å"safe†. But there could be negative feelings also attached to that place (Tuohino). Tuan (1974) defines â€Å"topophilia† as a place which one belongs to and has a sense of belongingness. On the other hand â€Å"topofobia† (Tuan 1974) is defined as negative feelings – aversion or fear. Tuan, further argues that feelings such as fear being connected to a place will remain in the human mind as well as in the environment. Similarly, â€Å"placelessness† is defined as where the environment does not recognise place. Furthermore it does not take into consideration the meaning of places (Tuan 1974; Relph 1976). A â€Å"Sense of Place† has been one of the important concepts of human geography (Tuohino). Tuan in the 1970’s introduced this concept within the geography literature. The concept of â€Å"Sense of Place† has been determined as a social concept and as an individua l value or phenomenon (Tuohino). This concept has been sited in many of the tourism literature in the recent years. To quote Tuan (1974), ‘people demonstrate their sense of place when they apply their moral and aesthetic discernment to sites and locations†. In other words â€Å"Sense of Place† is the connection that man would have with a place. Hence, it could be argued that is an important development for tourist and developers of tourism. Place marketing has become an important policy goal for most governments (Kang-Li 2008). Kotler (2002), claimed that the concept of place marketing of a city is considered as a market-oriented product. Ashworth and Voogd (1993) argue that place marketing is where the local activities of a particular location will work together to meet the customers needs. On the other hand Gold and Ward (1994) claim that place marketing is all about creating a positive and attractive image of the place. On the other hand it is argued that Place Marketing is about locality-based strategy to reimage and restructure local economies (Demaziere and Wilson 1996). Furthermore it is argued that Place Marketing is about â€Å"the strategic manipulation of image and culture clearly provides a strong basis for coalition building†(Hall and Hubbard 1996). From the arguments presented, place marketing seems somewhat similar to running a business but ensuring the required facilities, services and visions for further developments are presented. Tourism as an industry, especially cultural tourism has been fully integrated into place marketing (Stabler, 1990). Holden (2000), argues that negative impacts of tourism development can harm the local communities of a place by: misuse of resources, negative behaviour and pollution of the environment. Therefore it is important that place marketing ensures it develops cultural tourism strategies keeping in mind the external factors that can harm and hinder, while satisfying the cust omers (Kang-Li 2008). Wilderness managers strive to provide a quality experience to all visitors (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). This has lead to the need to incorporate a relationship aspect in the planning and management framework. These experiences are not one off transactions. These are relationships which develop over a period of time between the visitor and the setting (Borrie and Roggenbuck 2001). There is also other aspects that have an effect on the relationship / experience a visitor would have with the wilderness setting. These factors are cultural and social forces, social institutions and the lives of visitors. These factors do change and this has an effect on the wilderness experience (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). Psychology and marketing research have provided some insight in support of this wilderness relationship (Berry 1995). One key aspect to this relationship is that the visitor tends to accumulate an experience with a particular place that associates to a certain id entity. Over a period of time the visitor develops a certain loyalty towards this particular area / place (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). It is argued that this relationship built over a period of time becomes something of an individuals culture, expressions and defining who he was and hopes to be. It is this relationship / experiences that managers/marketer of wilderness tourism would find as a challenge in promoting and sustaining. What means are available to marketers in promoting and sustaining this experience? The next section of this paper will argue how place marketing could be integrated into a wilderness marketing experience through the idea of experiential marketing. Marketing Wilderness Experiences The evolution of the philosophy of marketing management has moved from production concept, product concept, selling concept, marketing concept, societal marketing concept to relationship marketing concept. Traditionally marketing has viewed customers as being rational decision markers who care mainly about the features and benefits of the product and service they purchase (Schmitt 1999). An integral part of the marketing mix is the element of promotions better known as marketing communications. Marketing communications is a mode by which marketers / firms attempt to inform, persuade, incite and remind customers about their product or service they sell (Poul Houman 2001). This is one area in marketing which has evolved and changed dramatically over the last 20 – 30 years (Kevin Lane 2001). This has resulted in firms faced with the challenge of designing, implementing and evaluating their communication campaigns which are unique and competitive. In other words campaigns whi ch create a unique customer experience (Mark and Robert 2002). Today the concept of selling experiences is spreading beyond theatres and theme parks. Pine and Gilmore, (1998) claim that experience is not an amorphous construct, but is as real an offering like any other service, product or commodity. Stage experiences occur when a company goes beyond the offering of a good and service by engaging with the customer to create a memorable event. Experiences have always been at the heart of tourism and entertainment (Tsaur, Chiu et al. 2007). For example Walt Disney and his company took the industry by storm with creative interactions with customers. At theme restaurants such as Hard Rock Cafà ©, Planet Hollywood the food is just a prop for what is known as â€Å"eatertainment†. But experiences are not just about the pure experience that a customer may encounter (Pine and Gilmore 1998). Company’s stages an experience were they could engage with customers to present i t in a memorable way. Experience is everywhere. Companies have moved from the traditional â€Å"features and benefits† marketing towards customers encountering an experience (Schmitt 1999). To get a grasp of the concept of experiential marketing, Schmitt (1999) presented an argument comparing principles that underpin the traditional marketing approach and the experiential marketing approach. As discussed above (Schmitt 1999) argues that the traditional marketing is all about customers being rational decision makers who care about the feature and benefits. However, experiential marketing is viewing consumers as rational and emotional human beings concerned about experiencing a holistic consumption experience. Further (Schmitt 1999) claims that this shift has occurred due to omnipresence of information technology, the supremacy of brand and the ubiquity of communications and entertainment. This argument was echoed by (Pine and Gilmore 1998) when they claimed that leading- edge companies whether they sell to companies or consumers will be facing the competitive battlefield of â€Å"staging experiences† as presented above. Along with this trend, some companies adopted this concept of experiential marketing to gain competitive advantage such as Apple(Randall 2003), DaimlerChrysler (Tanya and Karl 2003), PG (Jack 2004) and IMG(Barry 2005). Sky, Nike and Strongbow are companies who have in recent years adopted the concept of experiential marketing. But some firms still remain sceptical (Mark 2007). Andy Bellass, of Splendid communication agency argues that experiential marketing has â€Å"come of age†. Bellass explains that it is becoming increasingly difficult to build relationships with customers when you are standing outside. Advertising is not dead, yet, until the circle of experience marketing is complete – getting people to experience the brand, agencies are standing outside (Mark 2007). The biggest problem being that the def inition of experiential marketing has flaws and it lies at the roots. Marketing Director of Sledge understands experiential marketing as a â€Å"medium that is focused on creating one-to-one experiences that engage consumers in deeper and more memorable ways†. Others understand it as integrating brands to people’s life styles and adding value to create an experience with the brand rather than having any interruptions. Going further some feel that the definition is becoming broader by the day. However, in saying all this, it seems apparent that traditional communication agencies are nervous how company budgets are being reallocated in favour of experiential marketing techniques (Mark 2007). For instance, research showed that 68% of companies were spending more on experiential marketing in 2005 than they did in 2004 (Mark 2007). Based on the evidence presented, it would seem although there is scepticism, budgets being allocated to experiential marketing techniques means that there is some form of success in this concept in practice. It has been acknowledged that customers are driven emotionally and rationally (Schmitt 1999). People want products and services that render a certain experience. Tourism has been a pioneer example of the experience economy (Quan and Wang 2004). The nature of the travel and tourism product is intangible. What does a consumer expect or get when they visit a tourist location? These experiences are actual. How would companies promote these locations/places? Place marketing has seen it’s relationships to experiential marketing. Echoing on what has already being discussed, experience comes from direct interaction/observation in an event. The core of experiential marketing is about creating an experience for the customer. Accordingly, the experience marketing trends of â€Å"experiences, cultural marketing and ecological landscape† seems to have become the core for this concept (Kang-Li 2008). Based o n this, Kang claims that these factors can evoke a consumers motivation and feelings of certain meaningful attachments, while these features and styles need to be preserved and enhanced. So far the review has demonstrated the relationship that experience marketing has had / have with tourism and place marketing. However, there seems to be a gap in the tourism literature on how this concept could be used to promote wilderness in tourism? Ability to creating that â€Å"Sense of Place† and relationship with the wilderness, seems to be limited. Empirical studies have been done on what are the key drivers that motivate people to visit major wilderness areas. However, further research needs to be done on promotional strategies for creating that wilderness tourism marketing experience (Mabunda) Over the years, psychologists and market researchers have attempted to develop techniques and methodologies to explore customer experience (2006). Understanding consumer attitudes and b ehaviour have not always been easy for marketing researchers (Athinodoros and Ronald 2002). Psychologists view attitudes as a two step process : an antecedent stimulus followed by an evaluative reaction.(Adel 2003) In their paper (Pine and Gilmore 1998), argue the importance of economic progress. They convey their thoughts by way of the following figure. Their thinking on this topic of Experience Economy argues that whether companies are selling to individual customers or organisations, they will find that the next competitive challenge is â€Å"Stage Experiences†. How does â€Å"stage experiences† influence the promotion of wilderness in tourism? Does it create a greater impact on marketing of wilderness in tourism? Summary The aim of the research project is to evaluate if experiential marketing would have a great impact than tradition marketing and branding approaches in promoting wilderness as a tourist destination. The literature review provided a rationale for this main aim, whereby the outcome included in the review illustrated the need for further research in the area of wilderness in tourism marketing. The first section of the literature review focus on the evolution of tourism. The review demonstrated that there is a high level of evidence on defining the term tourism. However, it was evident that the term â€Å"tourism† in its simplest form was understood as people moving to different places for the purpose of pleasure or work. It was noted that in the 1990’s tourism evolved to a high level of definition. Evidence was presented that tourism diversified into adventure tourism, nature based tourism and events. Through the years it was noted that nature based tourism has grow n extensively within the tourism literature. Nature based tourism was understood as being primarily motivated by the interest in the environment (Burton, 1998) It was further argued that the Nature Based Tourisms and eco tourism although similar in nature had a distinctive difference. Although it was argued that ecotourism was some form of nature based tourism. (Goodwin, 1996) Much of the literature demonstrated that visitors of natural environments(ecotourism) would gain a new perspective or experience. (Hunter 1994, Ziffer, 1989: 5–8; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996: 22 and Boo, 1990: 10) Moreover the literature review provided evidence to show that ecotourism was proclaimed to similar to that of the concept of Wilderness Recreation in North America. (Boyd Butler, 1993: 11) In stating these factors a gap in the literature demonstrated that little empirical studies were done on wilderness and the relating â€Å"sense of place†. Literature review then moved on to explore the concept of wilderness. Literature revealed that the term Wilderness was originated initially in the context of the bible. (Nash 1974) The term wilderness evolved from the eras of Christianity, (Nash 1974), to Judeo-Christian (Dilworth 2006), to Puritan tradition, to Utilitarian view, to Romantic and Transcendentalist. (Nash 2001). It was evident that none of the definitions were complimentary to each other. The conclusion gained from the evidence presented was that there was no single definition for wilderness as it meant different things to different people. A recent study proved this thinking. A study on images of wilderness revealed that the sample of students understood wilderness as natural landscapes lacking human sign, particularly mountains, lakes, and forests. The question was then raised, what are mountains, lakes and forests? This debate seems to be endless! Next the literature revealed that popular adventure activities often took place in the wilderness. Eviden ce proved that visitors on these adventurous excursions and activities always have a positive and enjoyable experience. (Arnould and Price 1993) It was noted that making these activities to commercial packages needed a carefully thought of marketing campaign as wilderness tourism has a human intervention. The greatest challenge all marketers of Wilderness would experience is the ability to comodify the idea of wilderness in tourism to ensure a memorable lasting experience. To explore the idea of comodification of wilderness experience, it was prudent to first understand the concept of marketing and its evolution. The next section of this literature review demonstrated this aspect of the subject area. Place marketing needs to be included. It was understood that traditionally marketing was viewed as customers being rational decision makers. They mainly cared about features and benefits of a product or service they purchased. It has been noted that the promotional element better known as marketing communications has played a major role in this conversion of features to benefit thinking. However it was presented that this element has had a rapid evolution over the years. (Kevin Lane 2001). The focus has been to develop marketing communication campaigns that would create a unique customer experience. (Mark and Robert 2002) The idea of Experience Economy was introduced in the last decade by (Pine and Gilmore 1998). They argue that this experience economy will find out that the next challenge is Stage Experience – where the company goes beyond customer’s expectations by ensuring the customers engages with the product or the service to experience something of a memorable event. This type of experience was pioneered within the tourism and entertainment industry. An example was Disney World. (Tsaur, Chiu et al. 2007) Furthermore the paper presented an argument comparing the principles underpinning traditional marketing and experiential marketing sited by Schmitt (1999). His argument was that traditional marketing is about customers caring about features and benefits where as experiential marketing was all about a holistic consumption experience. Although research showed that companies are spending more on experiential marketing techniques, the definition and understanding the concept was still fluid in the minds of most. The paper then went on to discuss about place marketing and the role it has played in t he tourism industry. It was identified that tourism is all about place marketing as it is intangible and is an actual experience. Over years place marketing has played a prominenet role in promoting tourism of all sorts. However, empirical evidence was not present in how wilde rness has been promoted to create a last memorable experience. It is this gap in literature that has led to the need to further research the possibility of using experiential marketing in promoting Wilderness in Tourism. References (2006). FT.com site : Part One: The rise of experiential marketing. FT.com: 1. Adel, M. A. (2003). A deeper look at the attitude-behavior consistency assumption in information systems satisfaction research. The Journal of Computer Information Systems 44(1): 57. Alistair, W. (2006). Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 18(6): 482. Arnould, E. J. and L. L. Price (1993). River magic: extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research 20: 24-25. Athinodoros, C. and H. Ronald (2002). Theory building for experiential consumption: The use of the phenomenological tradition to analyze international tourism. American Marketing Association. Conference Proceedings 13: 318. Barry, J. (2005). IMG Pumps Live Marketing; NFL Clout Gets Put to the Test. Brandweek 46(12): 14. Berry, L. L. (1995). Relationship marketing of services: Growing interest, emerging pe rspectives. Journal of Academy of Marketing Sciences 23(4): 236 245. Borrie, W. T. and J. W. Roggenbuck (2001). The dynamic, emergent, and multi-phasic nature of on-site wilderenss experiences. Journal of Leisure Research 33(2): 202 -228. Burton, F. (1998). Can Ecotourism Objectives Be Achieved? Annals of Tourism Research 25: 755-758. Demaziere, C. and P. A. Wilson (1996). Local economic development in Europe and the Americas London, Mansell. Dilworth, G. (2006). Defining Wilderness with Pictures: An Exploratory Study. Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. Dvorak, R. G. and W. T. Borrie (2007). Changing Relationships with Wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness 13(3): 12 15. Eric, J. A., L. P. Linda, et al. (1998). Communicative staging of the wilderness servicescape. The Service Industries Journal 18(3): 90. Hall, T. and P. Hubbard (1996). The entrepreneurial city:New urban politics, new urban geographies. Progress in Hum an Geography 20(2): 153 174. Jack, N. (2004). PG plays catch up, turns to experiential marketing. Advertising Age 75(32): 10. Kang-Li, W. (2008). Developing a Paradigm and Strategies for Sustainable Place Marketing: The Experience of Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge 13(1): 45. Kevin Lane, K. (2001). Mastering the Marketing Communications Mix: Micro and Macro Perspectives on Integrated Marketing Communication Programs. Journal of Marketing Management 17: 819-847. Mark, A. M. and A. O. Robert (2002). Consumer experience tourism and brand bonding. The Journal of Product and Brand Management 11(1): 30. Mark, J. (2007). Has experiential marketing matured? Campaign: 19. Metaxas, T. (2005). Marketing Research and target market segmentation in Place Marketing Procedues: A structural analysis. 11: 47-60. Nash, R., Ed. (2001). Wilderness and the American mind. New Haven, Yale University Press. Nash, R. F. (1974). Wilderness and the American m ind. Yale U.P, New Haven [etc.]. Olson, S. F. and D. Backes (2001). The meaning of wilderness essential articles and speeches. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press. Palmer, A. and D. Bejou (1995). Tourism destination marketing alliances. Annals of Tourism Research 22(3): 616-629. Pine, I. I. B. J. and J. H. Gilmore (1998). WELCOME TO THE EXPERIENCE ECONOMY. Harvard Business Review 76(4): 97-105. Poul Houman, A. (2001). Relationship development and marketing communication: An integrative model. The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing 16(3): 167. Quan, S. and N. Wang (2004). Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: an illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism Management 25(3): 297 305. Randall, R. (2003). Plenty to learn from Apples near-perfect iTunes store. Advertising Age 74(23): 22. Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London, Pion. Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential Marketing. Journal of Marketing Management 15(1- 3): 53-67. STANKEY, G. H. (1989). Beyond the Campfire’s Light:Historical Roots of the Wilderness Concept. Natural Resources Journal 29: 9-29. Tanya, I. and G. Karl (2003). Chrysler, Mercedes take show on the road. Adweek 44(17): 8. Theilmann, J. M. (1987). Medieval Pilgrims and the Origins of Tourism. The Journal of Popular Culture 20(4): 93-102. Theobald, W. F. (2005). Global tourism. Oxford, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Tsaur, S.-H., Y.-T. Chiu, et al. (2007). The Visitors Behavioral Consequences of Experiential Marketing: An Empirical Study on Taipei Zoo. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing 21: 47-64. Tuan, Y.-f. (1974). Topophilia: a study of environmental perception, attitudes, and values. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. Tuohino, A. In Search of the Spirit of the Lake Lakes as an opportunity for tourism marketing, Savonlinna Institute for Regional Development and Research University of Joensuu. White, L. (1967). Historical Roots of ou r Ecological Crisis. Sciences 155(3767): 1203-1207.

Policy Change Essay Topics

<h1>Policy Change Essay Topics</h1><p>There are a few diverse arrangement change exposition points you can browse. A significant number of these should be possible inside a solitary exposition or in segments. Some will necessitate that you do both. These themes are the ones that will be generally useful to you, in the event that you are now beginning a new position and anticipating getting increasingly acquainted with your new position.</p><p></p><p>One of the most well known subjects you can browse for your strategy changes is the utilization of H.R. at home. H.R. represents Home Resource or Home Rehab program, which is an administration activity intended to give money related help to individuals who might be investigating the acquisition of a home.</p><p></p><p>It doesn't make a difference if your family has been utilizing a home for ages, or you have never had your very own position, you can even now be qualified fo r this program. For whatever length of time that you qualify under the rules set out by the administration, it is something you should investigate, particularly in the event that you plan on beginning a new position and requiring extra money.</p><p></p><p>Another approach change paper point, you can consider is a stage you can take to ensure that you become a much increasingly powerful work environment. This can mean taking extra classes so as to turn out to be progressively acquainted with your new condition. A portion of these courses could be on authority, business aptitudes, or even the utilization of technology.</p><p></p><p>Many times when you start a new position, it will expect you to take a specific measure of preparing so as to have the option to play out the occupations you will perform once you start. On the off chance that you have any involvement in the aptitudes you should carry out your responsibility, it will be ideal to talk about it with an instructor so as to perceive what should be possible as far as exceptional preparing you can receive.</p><p></p><p>There are a few other arrangement change article subjects you can browse, contingent upon what is best for you and your circumstance. It will enable you to comprehend what to incorporate on the off chance that you are attempting to compose an expansive framework, or on the off chance that you are essentially searching for advice.</p><p></p><p>Policy change paper themes can be straightforward or wide. As a rule, it is critical to expound on everything without exception that might be interesting to your circumstance. For more data, you can generally contact a certified instructor or authority who will have the option to assist you with the best arrangement change paper themes for you.</p>

Research Paper Topics For Meteorology Class

Research Paper Topics For Meteorology ClassWhen writing a research paper, you will want to make sure you have plenty of research paper topics for meteorology class. When you are writing this type of paper, you will want to take your topic choices seriously and put a lot of thought into them. A good writing assignment to help you choose topics is to make a list of the most popular topics in a topic database such as Scifinder or Justscider.You can also look on other websites for research paper topics for meteorology class. A good resource to look for is the topics that students in the class are currently working on.You will find that these papers are usually very detailed and if you take the time to do your research well before class starts, you will be able to get many ideas for your paper topics. You can also ask the students in class for their ideas.When you are making your paper topics for meteorology class, you will want to consider all aspects of the subject. These may include ch anges in air quality, weather forecasts, cloud formations, precipitation, earthquakes, and wind patterns. By including these topics in your research paper, you will be able to come up with several great ideas for your paper topics.You will find that these papers are usually very detailed and if you take the time to do your research well before class starts, you will be able to get many ideas for your paper topics. You can also ask the students in class for their ideas.You will find that these papers are usually very detailed and if you take the time to do your research well before class starts, you will be able to get many ideas for your paper topics. You can also ask the students in class for their ideas.You will find that these papers are usually very detailed and if you take the time to do your research well before class starts, you will be able to get many ideas for your paper topics. You can also ask the students in class for their ideas.When you are writing this type of paper, you will want to make sure you have plenty of research paper topics for meteorology class. When you are doing your research, make sure you keep in mind that the topic you are writing about will be covered in class and this will help you when you are trying to write it.

How to Build a Custom Google Cloud API Library

<h1>How to Build a Custom Google Cloud API Library</h1><p>In my experience constructing a custom Google Cloud API library I would consistently hear a similar inquiry over once more; 'Why not fabricate it myself?' This, obviously, is probably the greatest confusion with building a custom library. A large number of the libraries are made to get you out and give that 'one-stop look' for the entirety of your information needs. In any case, for the further developed data on building your own custom library it truly pays to converse with others who have assembled them before.</p><p></p><p>In building a library I've seen libraries worked by individuals who never even took a gander at libraries. It was a genuine task for them and they gave it their best shot to attempt to complete it as fast as could reasonably be expected. What I discovered is that it's much harder than it appears. It's very a ton less fun. This is the place somebody like me comes i n.</p><p></p><p>For somebody that has experience working with complex math before they can do a great part of the math associated with building a library for you. The other serious mix-up that I've seen many individuals make is they decide to construct their own for some explanation and find that it's simply excessively troublesome or awful. There are some extremely basic hints to maintain a strategic distance from this as well.</p><p></p><p>Before beginning with your custom library it's a smart thought to take a brisk boost and read through the directions for beginning with an undertaking this way. Likewise ensure that you look at a portion of the more established assets to check whether you don't definitely know this stuff. In case you're searching for a nonexclusive library, there's bounty to take a gander at out there. You'll additionally have the option to spot mistakes more effectively than if you didn't have a library to work fr om.</p><p></p><p>I consistently say the best thing regarding building a custom library is the way that once you get it ready for action you can change it as you see fit and you don't need to stress over somebody taking it or being compelled to return and make sense of what you didn't do. Nobody at any point said life would have been simple with regards to evolving libraries. In any case, when you're set you'll have a simple to utilize and adaptable library that works for everyone.</p><p></p><p>Building a straightforward library that can be tweaked exactly as you would prefer is probably the most straightforward thing that you can do when you're figuring out how to manufacture your own. Obviously you'll need to do a touch of research on various ones so you can choose the one that is directly for you. Remember that having a couple of libraries up without a moment's delay can back you off and can keep you from gaining ground at all.</p ><p></p><p>Keep as a primary concern the way that it is anything but a hard procedure to fabricate a custom Google Cloud API library. The main genuine factor is making sense of how to do it and you can do that without any problem. Ensure you keep yourself refreshed on the most up to date form of the API and the most recent innovation that can be utilized to accelerate your library creation.</p>

Do Caterpillars Bite or Sting

The Start of Gre Essay Samples Argument

<h1>The Start of Gre Essay Samples Argument </h1> <h2> Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Gre Essay Samples Argument Is Wrong</h2> <p>The perfect approach to prepare for the GRE paper is to keep in touch with one and have it reviewed by a pro, using precisely the same rules that are utilized for the real GRE. In the event that you need to realize all the more with respect to the GRE exposition length, we've finished an unmistakable post on that. There are numerous sites that in like manner list totally free GRE test addresses practice on them. The absolute first issue to do before you begin looking for GRE test papers is to fathom what the Analytical Writing test segment is about. </p> <p>Geometry and polynomial math course books are various instances of supportive examination helps. In a few different tests, you will be demonstrated the gre exposition subjects to expound on. GRE article requests the understudy to be educated about an extremely differing assortment of themes. The issue exposition in GRE needs an adequate aggregate of prep before the genuine test. </p> <p>Manhattan prep GRE jargon cheat sheets are among the best in the commercial center. The Analytical Writing Measure is basically one segment of the GRE, at the same time, alongside your scores on the contrary zones of the test, assists with foreseeing your ability to be viable in graduate school. All things considered, the GRE Issue isn't a trial of information as much since it's a trial of how you're ready to utilize information anyway restricted to back your position.</p> <h2> The Downside Risk of Gre Essay Samples Argument</h2> <p>If you investigate the i nsights underneath, you should agree with me. Your report will advise you what functioned admirably on your GRE paper and the manner in which you can improve it to acquire a more noteworthy score on the real GRE AWA. A response to some other issue will get a score of zero. You will get your article scores roughly 10-15 days following your test date.</p> <p>When you work with us, you're ensured that every one of the examples and themes will be tweaked to accommodate your motivations. The subjects would be related with the typical troubles. Substance matters more than each other component with respect to your articles. The exposition shows least proof of the capacity to fathom or tackle the issue or investigate the contention. </p> <p>The last passage or end is used to summarize, and change the significant thought. At that stage, you can start composing full length practice papers. Both test your ability to form a relevant postulation proclamation that you need to guard over the class of numerous sections. There are a couple of shared characteristics over every one of the paper prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the reality which each undertaking solicits you to look at some sort from contention and examine it. </p> <h2> The Gre Essay Samples Argument Cover Up</h2> <p>Should you need tests quick, at that point you'll likely make the most of our straightforward three-advance practice. You could likewise request that your essayist gracefully a draft, from which you can check the advancement of your buy. When you've gotten your general structure, it's an ideal opportunity to ensure your sections go in sensible buy. Should you do, you've begun bombing the test as of now. </p> <p>Whether you are needing an example, a blueprint, extended article themes, or an entire uniquely crafted paper, our specialists are able to give able help. To get entire preferred position, you should come to be extreme ly familiar with the subject of authentic exposition questions. Make certain to explain the manner in which the responses to the inquiries would assist with surveying the end. Compose a reaction wherein you talk about what questions would need to persuade offered an explanation to have the option to pick whether the suggestion will presumably have the anticipated result. </p> <p>Thus, don't pack each cite you know in the article. Set aside the effort to edit your article, when you complete the process of composing it. At that point recognize which sort of article you need create. From the diagram, it is conceivable to now start composing your exposition. </p> <p>If you apply the ideal catchphrases and expressions, you're probably going to find some mind boggling papers to help with article theme thoughts. Investigating an issue is one more of the potential GRE exposition subjects. For instance, you will most likely figure out how to pick or make an ideal exposition subject. </p> <p>No awesome author under daylight composes two precisely same sentences in a single exposition or article. It is conceivable to gain from instances of good articles, the absolute first vital advance really finding an extraordinary example exposition. </p>

Essay Topics For Middle School Students: How They Can Help You Learn How to Write An Essay Topic

<h1>Essay Topics For Middle School Students: How They Can Help You Learn How to Write An Essay Topic</h1><p>The rule that circumstances and end results are connected, or if nothing else their belongings are connected, is a significant one to consider when composing a paper. There are a wide range of approaches to help represent the thought, however many will depend on breathing life into a contextual analysis with a specific case in point.</p><p></p><p>Discussion subjects can be utilized, also. For instance, one could utilize a conversation of the fact that it is so useful to have a decent critical thinking expertise to assist you with thoroughly considering the circumstances and end results of specific occasions. Another conversation point could manage why it's imperative to stay aware of the advancement of a specific understudy while in transit to graduation.</p><p></p><p>Discussing school life is another good though t. The intensity of this idea can be extremely amazing, particularly with the conversation of how undergrads can get money related guide. An exhaustive and all around considered conversation can help light up the possibility that understudies can acquire financing and monetary guide to assist them with getting to college.</p><p></p><p>There are other extraordinary points that can be utilized to help represent the idea of how undergrads can locate the money related guide that they need. Furthermore, understudies ought to likewise know that monetary guide is accessible to them, particularly when they're intending to set off for college. Since there are such a large number of grants are frequently made accessible to understudies who are going to a particular school, they can absolutely be utilized for instance of how an undergrad can get a scholarship.</p><p></p><p>Reading and auditing books for use in article points for center school und erstudies is another good thought. It tends to be utilized to help show how a book like - Ishmael by David McCullough, or Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem - can assist you with understanding your general surroundings. Additionally, an audit of any work that can assist you with seeing how world history is set.</p><p></p><p>Perhaps an investigation of sci-fi can assist you with perceiving how your comprehension of the world has changed consistently. What's more, these books can likewise be utilized to show how one's comprehension of science has changed.</p><p></p><p>This article isn't proposed to be utilized as a top to bottom guide on paper subjects for center school understudies. Notwithstanding, these thoughts ought to be utilized as a beginning stage for investigating that circumstances and end results are especially related. That should prompt a comprehension of the significance of investigating the two sides of the discussion - the ideas of circumstances and logical results, and the thoughts of circumstances and logical results - when attempting to compose a paper on this topic.</p>

How Paid Or Unpaid Work Contributes to Professional Experience Essay Sample

<h1>How Paid Or Unpaid Work Contributes to Professional Experience Essay Sample</h1><p>In my past article qualified Anecdote for Elegance: Written Essay Sample, I talked about how much my encounters have been affected by the encounters of others. In this article, I will investigate how paid or unpaid work adds to proficient experience paper test. Work probably won't be simple, and there are no guarantees.</p><p></p><p>But imagine a scenario where your work isn't simple. Imagine a scenario where there are no assurances throughout everyday life, and just a single thing is sure, that is, your opportunity. At that point how would you adapt to the way that you don't know what occurs after you pass away?</p><p></p><p>People go to paid prospective employee meetings. They get back home and work, as a rule on an agreement. They may search for other paid work, and they may search for other paid work on their own drive, yet they won't make numerous companions in this activity, since they need social skills.</p><p></p><p>On the other hand, individuals who procure their living from unpaid work, for example, finishing, or business cleaning, or chipping in, return home and work on anything they desire. In the event that they are not sure they will land the position, they may do the desk work, however then they may simply get another side interest, for example, drawing or painting, or taking photos. In any case, they can't resist the urge to assume responsibility for their lives.</p><p></p><p>And these two sorts of individuals share a great deal for all intents and purpose. The two of them need to be free. The two of them need to assume liability for their life. What's more, the two of them should be guaranteed that they will have the option to add to the life of another person.</p><p></p><p>Now, how about we investigate the opposite side of the coin. They might be a similar individual, yet one may have better encounters in the past encounters. The individual with better past encounters has a vastly improved viewpoint on what occurs after they pass away.</p><p></p><p>Perhaps the past encounters of the individual with the better encounters just had negative angles. They may have been utilized in a terrible domain or they may have been rebuffed by others. They may have likewise been mishandled or have seen others misused by their employer.</p>

How to Write a College Career Consultation Essay

How to Write a College Career Consultation EssayWhen college students are learning how to write a college career consultation, their professors can be a great resource. They can help students with their essays. But sometimes the professors do not have the time to spend coaching students on the essay, and it is then that the students have to write their own. If you are one of these students, here are some tips for writing your college career consulting writing your college essay on your own.This will include a brief outline of the piece and a three-page outline to go with the more detailed chapters of the essay. It is especially important to make sure the outline is complete and that the sections flow logically, but it should be enough to get you started. After you are done writing your outline, you will want to edit and proofread your work to make sure you do not miss any key points or grammar issues. Look at your copy for problems in terms of sentence structure, spelling, punctuatio n, and so on.If you are a student who uses an Internet based writing tool, then this may not be necessary. If you are not, then you should definitely use a program that lets you write or use something that is built into your computer. This way, you can add your ideas to the draft and then re-edit later. You may also want to write out an outline of the job descriptions that are associated with the various colleges or universities, and then begin searching for the types of jobs that match those descriptions. You may want to also look at local newspapers and classified ads to find listings for the type of positions you are looking for.In addition to writing your college career consulting essay, you will want to also review your text carefully to make sure that the formatting is correct. There is a good chance that you will need to rewrite parts of your text in different fonts and then check your word processing software to make sure that the font styles are correct. You will also want to ensure that the grammar and punctuation are correct. There may be certain grammatical errors that come from your teachers, your classmates, or even from the other students in the class. Check that your writing is free of any errors, as well as punctuation.You will also want to consider what format you are going to be using for your college career consulting writing. The most common format is a text document with footnotes, so that the reader can continue reading without having to go back to your essay. You can also turn the document into a PowerPoint presentation with your slides. If you are going to use either form, make sure that the file formats match.It is also very important to keep in mind that when writing your college career consulting essay, you should be as objective as possible. Being objective can mean that you are not biased, but may mean that you are not completely objective. Being as objective as possible can help you in your essay writing, but you must still be ab le to cover the entire scope of the topic.Use a variety of strategies to get across the information in your college career consulting writing. Some students will use the whole page or paragraph, while others will use only a couple of sentences. The key is to keep it interesting and at the same time stay true to your reader.If you have some time to write your college career consulting writing, then that is great. If you do not have the time, then remember that it is best to hire a college career consultant to do the work for you.

Topic in Essay - How to Choose One

Topic in Essay - How to Choose OneIn the past, topics in essay are determined according to one's school and the interests of the student. Now, the topic in the essay is determined by the professor. That means that the assignment of the topic is not as easy as it was a few years ago. In fact, today, choosing the right topic in essay is hard because it requires much deliberation and thinking on how it can be connected to the students' education.The assignment of the topic in an essay should clearly be explained to the students in the first paragraph. After that, the students should decide on their own on what kind of topic they will write about. A lot of students prefer to focus on science topics because many students in today's modern day want to learn about science and technology.In today's world, science topics in essay is more likely to be discussed at schools than before. It is also considered to be a good topic for a science essay. After all, science is considered to be one of th e most influential fields of study in the world. And, science is mainly determined by scientific endeavors.With so many students going to school and those who are choosing to stay at home, some students have no time to attend school. In fact, science topics in essay will be more preferred than others. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are the major fields where a lot of science-related topics are mentioned.Teachers want to motivate their students. Because teachers know that children have such an interest in learning, science topics in essay will surely be a part of their teaching arsenal. It is good to ask the students what they know about the topic and how they think it can be applied to their own lives. Not only that, you can also give them a choice for the topic in an essay.While students are more likely to agree on the topic in an essay, some students will still disagree. This is normal because even though students' views are similar, some of them have different views on the topic in an essay. After all, the topic in an essay is just one way of presenting your topic in an essay. Students do not like to have a topic in an essay that is too similar to their own ideas and perspectives.Just like it was always said, teachers will not always favor their own opinions. In fact, this is something that the students should consider. It is also important to realize that some topics in essay may get the best reaction but there will still be a lot of students who will not like it.

The Holocaust A Horrible Time Of Our Human History

While examining the works of Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi it becomes apparent that the holocaust was a horrendous time in our human history. However, although both writers went through similar experiences during this time; both seem to reflect and dwell on things differently such as their point of view and lives in the camps as well as the different themes they focus on. In this analysis the stories of the two authors will be compared and as stated above will also focus on how they recount their experiences. Elie Wiesel’s Night In terms of themes in the book one that became apparent to me from the very beginning is that of faith. As the reader progresses through the book there is a very clear picture of a loss of faith by Weisel. The book begins and it is obvious from the get-go that Weisel has much stronger faith than many of the other Jews in his town. One specific passage in the book really sheds light on just how faithful young Weisel was: He had watched me one day as I prayed at dusk. ‘’Why do you cry when you pray?† he asked, as though he knew me well. â€Å"I don t know,† I answered, troubled. I had never asked myself that question. I cried because something inside me felt the need to cry. That was all I knew. â€Å"Why do you pray?† he asked after a moment. Why did I pray? Strange question. Why did I live? Why did I breathe? â€Å"I don t know,† I told him, even more troubled and ill at ease. â€Å"I don t know.† (Weisel, 1986, pg. 4) After reading this passage one might thinkShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of The Holocaust1352 Words   |  6 PagesIn learning about the Holocaust I have found that the causes of the Holocaust are just as important as the injustice itself. There are many reasons the Holocaust was allowed to happen and many reasons it had become inevitable. One of the causes of the Holocaust was the need for a scapegoat. Like any thriving society Germany needed a lower class; a grouping of people that could be discriminated against. Hitler extended this to more than one group of people instead targeting everyone who wasn’t whatRead MoreThe Holocaust, By Robert Burns1121 Words   |  5 Pagesmourn.† When looking back on the history of our society, many incidences that reflect this thought clearly. One that stands out to me is the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the â€Å"purification† of Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler from 1939 to 1945. There were millions of people that were cycled through the concentration camps that the Nazis built. The millions of people that were killed are just a small portion of the billions that were indirectly impacted by the horrible actions of the Nazis. I believeRead MoreHolocaust : The Holocaust And Holocaust1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Holocaust The holocaust is a term originally referred to a religious rite in which an offering is incinerated. But today, has another meaning; is any human disaster of great magnitude and importance, mainly refers to the extermination of the Jews who lived in Europe conducted by the Germany government. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Jewish community was improving their situation and their rights equalized to those of other citizens in most European countries. But despite this, these peopleRead MoreSacrifice by Fire Essay890 Words   |  4 PagesSacrifice by fire. The pleading children, the debilitating elderly, and the cynical women all have the same look of fear when they hear the word â€Å"Holocaust.† Approximately six million brave Jews were brutally murdered during the dreadful era of the Holocaust. These Jews were ordinary humans who hadn’t committed a crime, hadn’t encouraged any riots and hadn’t leveled any threats. They were citizens of their home countries who had the capability of contributing several intellectual achievements toRead MoreThe 20th Century - The Most Violent Century of All Time. Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesAdvancements in science, medicine and technology alone have brought incalculable benefits to human beings. Yet on the darker side, the 20th century was also the most violent time of human history. Two world wars, the massacres of Stalin, the Holocaust of Hitler, and many other such events killed over hundreds of millions of people and inflicted extreme suffering on hundreds of millions more that will make this period in time and period that will be remembered forever. The century had a trend toward weaponRead MoreSigmund Freud, Joseph Conrad, And Tadeusz Borowski1390 Words   |  6 Pagesvoices during 20th century Europe. Europe at the time was transitioning from being one of the most powerful and intellectual nations, to now experiencing human suffering, revolutions, and war. Due to this, these intellectual thinkers began to drift away from 19th-century enlightenment ideas, such as liberty, progress, and a constitutional government. They began to question Europe s achievements and started criticizing progress, rationality, and human nature. Through their experience, ideas, and literatureRead MoreThe Night And Maus Book Review Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesPrime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II, Winston Churchill, once said, â€Å"Those who fail to learn from history, are doomed to repeat it.† Throughout Elie Wiesel’s autobiography, Night, his faith in humanity, his belief in God’s justice and his childhoo d and innocence destroyed and changed his identity as a result of his experiences during the Holocaust. Vladek Spiegelman, a Polish Jew in the book Maus written by Art Spiegelman, struggles through life during this European catastropheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1257 Words   |  6 PagesMaus is a tale about a young man who is in search for answers about his own life and his father’s life. Vladek Spiegelman is a survivor of the holocaust who reconnects with his son Art Spiegelman by telling him stories of his past. Art creates a well-written comic tale about the Holocaust and the relationship he has with his father. This survivor’s tale takes you back to the Second World War to tell us a story of a Jew who hardly survived life. The story opens with Art visiting his father to getRead MoreUnderstanding The Holocaust and Preventing it Happening Again1025 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding The Holocaust and Preventing it Happening Again The human tragedy of the Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of millions of Jews by the Nazi regime during World War II. The adversity of this persecution influenced not only the European arena, but also peoples from all over the globe and their ideas. The impact caused by this ethnic cleansing was enormous. Peoples lives were drastically changed as they were persecuted and tortured. Families were taken out of their homes andRead MoreHistory: The Holocaust a Human Error Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesHistory class in itself has a specific purpose which seems to be frequently forgotten. We learn about violent and horrible events in our past, as well as life- changing and positively impacting ones. From the negative events, we learn what went wrong and how to prevent similar tragedies from happening. From the positive, we gather knowledge and comprehension of the basis of our modern society. We are a self- repairing race, analyzing every flaw and figuring out what caused it. Its an ancient practice

Unintended Consequences of Policy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Unintended Consequences of Policy. Answer: Introduction: Everyone has the mandate to feel free and never be intimidated under whichever circumstances in the world. Some people are encountered by conflicts and forced to flee away from their home countries to seek refuge to other nations (Makarova Birman, 2016). They end up being accumulated to those countries to the point of being recognized and appreciated just like other inhabitants. These characters are known as refugees, and they can best be defined as those people who are outside their country of nationality, and they are afraid of being persecuted on various grounds such as religion, racial factors, politics, being a member of a certain social class among others (Every, 2017)Australia is one of the countries where many foreigners seek their refuge as it is found to be hospitable to refugees and doesnt discriminate them much with their citizens. This essay will, therefore, seek to explain the sustainability issues associated with accommodating and ensuring the well-being of refugee po pulations in Australia, from an environmental, social, and economic point of view as well as discussing responses that could help achieve sustainability. Refugees are always unwilling to go back to their country of origin unless they are assured of security by the government. UNHCR plays a vital role in identifying the refugees who enter Australia through the humanitarian programs and are taken to the government-sponsored humanitarian program where they are taken great care of and treated as actual citizens of the nation, being offered with various support facilities such as accommodation, food, healthcare, security and even being trained the Australian language such to the point that they cannot be differentiated with other citizens. (Baldassar, 2017 p 105-123). There are still other refugees who enter Australia because of various family ties, that is, they have family members living in the country, and upon crossing the border, they opt not to go back to where they originate from due to one reason or another. Another group of people taken as refugees by the Australian government is those people who just enter the country with a vali d visa card. These people are first taken to the refugee camps awaiting verification. This kind of refugees is known as claimants. Sometimes the refugees may have different experiences in the country depending on the country of origin, cultural practices and their health status, a factor that could lead them to feel offended in case they are put together with people of different status (Vaughan et al., 2016). Some may be victims of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera hence they are isolated from other refugees. Most of the people found to be seeking refuge in Australia are the people from Syria and Iraq simply because their home countries are always affected by ethnic wars, others for the greed of power. A time comes when the state cannot accommodate all the refugees due to their large numbers hence they first accumulate those at high risk. These refugees feel at home, and they sometimes engage themselves in country building activities hence increasing the overall GDP and GNP of the country (Shishehgar et al., 2017). Various sustainability issues are accompanied by the accommodation of these refugees in the country which will be discussed in an environmental, social and economic point of view. Environmentally, the accumulation of people in the same region encourages overpopulation resulting to overutilization of the available resources such as land, food, and water (Nelson, J., 2015). Environmental degradation is mostly experienced in such places as the population smoothens the topmost soil resulting to erosion. Water catchment areas are also destroyed as a result of erosion too, leaving the land bare for any agricultural activity. Whenever the refugees exceed the expected numbers, there is always the probability of clearing the land to construct provisional camps for them. This leads to deforestation resulting to global warming which has adverse effects on both human and animal life through scorching of their skins and even killing them. Cutting down of trees changes the climate of a place by interfering with the rain patterns which may lead to severe droughts. Both noise and air pollution are experienced when the refugees get accumulated in towns and reserves primarily when they are not taught on the nation's waste disposal requirements (Marsh 2017). In other words, it is evident that most of the refugees get into the country through air transport hence polluting air from gaseous emissions from the airlines. This destroys the ozone layer leading to global warming. Socially, the accommodation and well-being of refugees are in most cases affected negatively. First of all, they are denied their rights of socializing with their people/family members and send away to far countries where they cannot even speak the native language of the nation. They are even unable to express themselves and are sometimes seen as criminals, but due to the translators and assistance by the UNHCR, they can identify and assist them accordingly. The Australian government has introduced a program where these refugees are taught and becomes able to speak the local language in order to ease their stay in the place and enhance their social lives (Neumann Gifford 2014). Due to the fact that refugees are placed in arid and semi-arid areas, they always lack clean water for usage due to deterioration of the environment. The contaminated water available is used for consumption as they have no other option. This automatically results in high infectious diseases which if not taken with great care may lead to death. The land is bare, and they walk for long distances in search of firewood and food simply because where their camps are built initially used to full of trees which were cut down to create room for the camp (Lenette, Weston Sunderland. 2016). Children may also miss attending schools to help their parents in collecting firewood and taking care of their younger siblings while their parents are away looking for daily bread. Lack of balanced diet, in this case, can lead to malnutrition of the refugees. When refugees get malnutrition, they feel ignored and not taken care of by the Australian government. The government of Australia must always ensure that the refugees live in a conducive environment with all their basic needs properly and adequately met so as to prevent malnutrition. It is evident that the countries which accommodate the highest number of refugees are the poorest, Australia lying in this category. Upon arrival of the refugees, they compete for every available resource in the host country as they are treated just like the other citizens. This creates enmity between them and the local citizens as they are seen to bring about unnecessary competition for resources they have not worked for (Guajardo et al., 2016). It becomes a challenge for their social lives since they don't even get a chance to associate and hang around with the hosts. The restriction of the access to social freedom to the refugees gives them mental and psychological torture that stress them all the time, and this must get avoided. Economically, the availability of the refugees in Australia increases the demand for the available resources as the supply becomes less for the increasing population. Due to this case, inflation is realized, and the country heads to the economic crisis with the depreciation of wages for the workers. The market, therefore, faces various disturbances regarding accommodation specifically for rent and not just for expatriates but also for the locally engaged staff. Whenever the construction and development of facilities increases, there is noticed increased rent, and the value of currency diminishes bringing about poverty for both the refugees and the hosts (Block Gibbs. 2014). Sustainability, in this case, can be achieved when various plans and practices are put into practice. This is normally meant to ensure that both the involved parties are finally satisfied at all costs. The Australian government has put some measures, with others yet to be implemented thus there is need to do so. Initially, the total population of the refugees should be controlled such that they don't exceed an absolute limit where the government may be unable to help and should be focused on the overall economic growth (Buesnel Fielding, 2014). Whenever a sustainability and development strategy is implemented, there should be considerations regarding environmental, social inclusion and integration. The refugees need to be taught on the best mechanisms to conserve the environment through discouraging deforestation and over the construction of housing facilities. Using renewable sources of energy, proper waste disposal of waste and utilization of the available resources should also be emphasized. No house should accommodate more people than its holding capacity. This should profoundly be discouraged to ensure that there is no competition for basic needs as well as overutilization of the available resources (Khawaja Ibrahim, 2017). Peace should be enhanced to the countries where most of the refugees to Australia come from, especially in Iraq and Syria where they have always been fighting for years, for no genuine reason. This is something which can be negotiated through international dialogue and result to peaceful correlations among the nations. Upon arrival, most of the refugees are afraid and unable to express themselves just because they don't understand the language being used in the foreign land. Therefore, there is the need to teach them how to speak the international language, different cultural and economic activities so that they may associate themselves with other citizens and put off the fear and spirit of isolation from the foreign nation. This will give them the right and freedom of expression and enable them to feel free as if they are at their home places (Buesnel Fielding, 2014). In order to maintain the number of refugees in a particular region and ensure that they are not more than the amount that can be accommodated, those refugees who flee away from their countries of severe matters and are at high risk should be prioritized, and those with low or no risk should be sent back to their home country (Baldassar, 2017). For example, people leaving the country as a result of war should not be compared to those just coming for the sake of visiting family members and friends. Others may also run to evade an outbreak of diseases, which is acceptable and should also be taken with a lot of concern. With Australia being among the top most consumers of energy per head in the world, mechanisms to minimize the usage should be put into practice to enable sustainability. Application of solar panels to substitute electricity and application of renewable sources of energy would be a step further, hence reducing the economic debt and inflation of goods and services. References Baldassar, L. (2017). Who Cares? The Unintended Consequences of Policy for Migrant Families. In The Politics of Women and Migration in the Global South (pp. 105-123). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Block, K., Cross, S., Riggs, E., Gibbs, L. (2014). Supporting schools to create an inclusive environment for refugee students. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(12), 1337-1355. Buesnel, R., Fielding, J. (2014). Young people seeking asylum and homelessness. Parity, 27(10), 13. Every, D., Smith, K., Smith, B., Trigg, J., Thompson, K. (2017). How can a donkey fly on the plane? The benefits and limits of animal therapy with refugees. Clinical Psychologist, 21(1), 44-53. Guajardo, M. G. U., Slewa-Younan, S., Santalucia, Y., Jorm, A. F. (2016). Important considerations when providing mental health first aid to Iraqi refugees in Australia: a Delphi study. International journal of mental health systems, 10(1), 54. Khawaja, N. G., Ibrahim, O., Schweitzer, R. D. (2017). Mental wellbeing of students from refugee and migrant backgrounds: The mediating role of resilience. School Mental Health, 1-10. Lenette, C., Weston, D., Wise, P., Sunderland, N., Bristed, H. (2016). Where words fail, music speaks The impact of participatory music on the mental health and wellbeing of asylum seekers. Arts Health, 8(2), 125-139. Makarova, E., Birman, D. (2016). Minority students psychological adjustment in the school context: an integrative review of qualitative research on acculturation. Intercultural Education, 27(1), 1-21. Marsh, K. (2017). Creating bridges: music, play and well-being in the lives of refugee and immigrant children and young people. Music Education Research, 19(1), 60-73. Miles, H. (2017). Attitudes and Practices of Educators Toward Refugees in Schools: Creating a Support System of Inclusion and Well-Being. Neumann, K., Gifford, S. M., Lems, A., Scherr, S. (2014). Refugee settlement in Australia: policy, scholarship and the production of knowledge, 1952 2013. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 35(1), 1-17. Nelson, J., MacDonald, H., Dufty-Jones, R., Dunn, K., Paradies, Y. (2015). Ethnic discrimination in private rental housing markets in Australia. Housing in Twenty-First Century Australia: People, Practices and Policies, 39-56. Shishehgar, S., Gholizadeh, L., DiGiacomo, M., Green, A., Davidson, P. M. (2017). Health and Socio-Cultural Experiences of Refugee Women: An Integrative Review. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 19(4), 959-973. Vaughan, C., Davis, E., Murdolo, A., Chen, J., Murray, L., Block, K., ... Warr, D. (2016). Promoting community-led responses to violence against immigrant and refugee women in metropolitan and regional Australia: The ASPIRE Project: Key findings and future directions